Criminal Law and Criminology
Iman Madaniyan; Mohammad Reza Elahi Manesh
Abstract
Background and purpose: With regard to the approval of the procedural law approved in 2012, which was a step forward during these few years, it is possible to see more and more attention to the plaintiff's rights in this law. In the new law, the legislator has considered rights for the plaintiff, such ...
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Background and purpose: With regard to the approval of the procedural law approved in 2012, which was a step forward during these few years, it is possible to see more and more attention to the plaintiff's rights in this law. In the new law, the legislator has considered rights for the plaintiff, such as protection of the plaintiff against confrontation with the accused, protection of the plaintiff's identity, the right to benefit from compensation and the right to protect the plaintiff against threats, each of these components is a kind of moderation in the field of recognition. Knowing the rights of the plaintiff. Method: According to the nature of the topic and the intended goals, the present research is qualitative in terms of type and descriptive and analytical in terms of method and is based on explanation, explanation, explanation and reasoning based on the materials extracted from the sources.Findings: In the case of the plaintiff's request, if the prosecutor or the investigating officer deems the study or access to all or some of the documents in the case to be contrary to the necessity of discovering the truth, he will issue an order rejecting the request, stating the reason. The decision to reject the request mentioned in the previous point is communicated to the plaintiff in person and can be challenged in the competent court within three days. The court is obliged to consider the objection and make a decision in extraordinary time. The court's decision is final. Results: It is possible to explain the rights and criminal laws of Iran and compare the rights and powers of the plaintiff in criminal proceedings and provide the necessary suggestions in order to eliminate the defects. After explaining the situation of the plaintiff and examining the rights and powers of the plaintiff, the researcher tries to investigate the existing situation in the protection of the plaintiff in the process of proceedings, although the most worthy of comment in this process is the initial stages of the process, i.e. the entry of a person as a plaintiff. However, the plaintiff's rights have been examined in other stages and in the rules of procedure approved in 1392
Criminal Law and Criminology
Atiyeh Vejdani Fakhr; Talia Vodjani Fakhr; Mohammad Reza Elahi Manesh
Abstract
In some cases, the innate nature of criminal act is punishable regardless of realization or non-realization of any result, and in this sense, to realize the criminal responsibility, there needs causality relationship, since the relationship always requires two parties (i.e. behavior and result) and when ...
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In some cases, the innate nature of criminal act is punishable regardless of realization or non-realization of any result, and in this sense, to realize the criminal responsibility, there needs causality relationship, since the relationship always requires two parties (i.e. behavior and result) and when result is not essential, the existence of a causal relationship will not be necessary. In some crimes where obtaining a criminal result is essential for its realization, three conditions are required for the realization of criminal responsibility: (i) the presence of criminal behavior, (ii) occurrence of a harmful incident, and (iii) existence of causal relationship between criminal behavior and harmful event. It is feasible to explore and prove causal relationship in some cases, especially when an agent was involved in the result realization, as someone killing somebody by a gun. Instead of providing a vivid and decisive rule, the 2012 Islamic Penal Code attempted to provide some solutions by taking certain situations and conditions into account. Given that, in transverse case of stewardess multiplicity, the result is taken into account of all parameters, and in the longitudinal case, the last stewardess may be the guarantor, the first stewardess, or even both. Besides, in the multiplicity assumption of causes transversely, equal responsibility has been ordered, and in case of longitudinal involvement, provided the unintentional crime, the primary stewardess has been mainly affected
Criminal Law and Criminology
Talieh Vedjani Fakhr; Mohammad Reza Elahi Manesh
Abstract
According to the Article 301 of Islamic Penal Code in 2013, retribution is proven if perpetrator is not the perpetrator's father or paternal ancestor, and the perpetrator is sane and equal to the perpetrator in religion. Article 301 of Islamic Penal Code expresses this significance. Therefore, parental ...
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According to the Article 301 of Islamic Penal Code in 2013, retribution is proven if perpetrator is not the perpetrator's father or paternal ancestor, and the perpetrator is sane and equal to the perpetrator in religion. Article 301 of Islamic Penal Code expresses this significance. Therefore, parental relationship excludes retribution exclusively, but blood money and atonement are appropriate. Although the murderer is sentenced to deflation punishment, blood money and atonement are maintained. Furthermore, the murderer is sentenced to deflation punishment. The existence of parental relationship prevents the retribution proof, even if the infidel father kills his Muslim child. Since there was a requirement to prohibit retribution, and thus there is the non-requirement principle. It is worth to note the way of committing the act is frequently fatal. In the present article, the researcher seeks to answer this question that why mother is not included in line with father in Article 301of Islamic Penal Code? To answer, the hypothesis is raised that according to Article 301 of the Islamic Penal Code, where the mother is the murderer and the victim is her child, the punishment is not the same as that of father. The data collection was done through analysing the library-based resources
Criminal Law and Criminology
Atiyeh Vejjani Fakhr; Fatemeh Elahi Manesh; Mohammad Reza Elahi Manesh
Abstract
Our country's legislator has included the instance of provisional and educational measures in Islamic Penal Code approved in 2013 with great extensive changes. Thus, in this law, it has initially repealed security measures law approved in 1981 and has obviously recognized security and educational measures ...
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Our country's legislator has included the instance of provisional and educational measures in Islamic Penal Code approved in 2013 with great extensive changes. Thus, in this law, it has initially repealed security measures law approved in 1981 and has obviously recognized security and educational measures for children, adolescents, and the insane, and then besides most instances of the provisional and educational measures of the above law mentioned were determined as supplementary and secondary punishments, while the other cases were specified as fundamental punishments in the form of orders and measures, some of which are protective and some are educational added to the country's penalty system. The aim of provisional and educational measures with correctional, therapeutic, and educational strategies was to reduce the amount of crimes and reform them. Nowadays, with the expansion of crimes and emergence of new ones, determination of sorts of these actions and their scope expansion can be significantly helpful in judicial system. Provisional and educational measures in 2013 law are so extensive, diverse, and modern that many of them did not exist in Islamic Penal Code. Many legal articles of this law indicate the legislator's special attention to their application as well as the correction category and criminals' rehabilitation.
Criminal Law and Criminology
Atiyeh Vojdani Fakhr; Mohammad Reza Elahi Manesh
Abstract
Background: Sometimes the involvement of several people in an operation leads to killing someone else. Anyone who can be charged with murder is a murderer, thus whenever the act of murder is documented to more than one person, a joint sentence can be issued between them. There are differences among the ...
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Background: Sometimes the involvement of several people in an operation leads to killing someone else. Anyone who can be charged with murder is a murderer, thus whenever the act of murder is documented to more than one person, a joint sentence can be issued between them. There are differences among the scholars about the retaliation permission of all partners; which is attempted to be illustrated in this article. The issue of complicity in murder is a problem related to retribution by which the courts in the country have received a majority of verdicts. The reason for this pluralism is the lack of issue recognition. It should be noted that retaliation is a ruling that relies on the individuals’ lives and dignity; therefore, it is essential to be careful in its implementation, and to know all its related matters. This investigation tries to identify all cases in which retribution is imposed on all participants. The ruling of Article 373 in the Islamic Penal Code, which stipulates the retribution of all partners in premeditated murder, is in terms of the verse “النفس بالنفس” and the caution principle for extravagance in murder, in terms of the punishment purpose as the non-interference of them in the punishment of killing a criminal who even commits numerous crimes and deserves several punishments is an issue of extravagance in murder. Materials and Methods: The proposed article is based on analytical-descriptive study of laws, jurisprudence, jurisprudential sources, legal books and articles as well as the other sources, their inference and conclusion. Findings: Not wasting in murder is an expression taken from verse 33 of Surah Al-Isra′ in which after stating the sanctity of killing someone and the right of the victim's guardian towards the murderer is prohibited from excessive murder. The verse appearance in terms of its previous phrase illustrates not to exaggerate in retaliation, however in terms of the term murder can also include cases where an individual deserves to be executed, so the extension of the death penalty such as the ropes use which cause taking a breather becomes extravagant in murder. Hence, being doubted this citation; we could not order the complicity in the murder. This research has been conducted by library method.
